The Respect of Soldiers Rank - 4852 Words

In the U.S. Military services, rank determines who gets to tell whom what to do. The higher one s rank the more authority (and responsibility) they have. U.S. Military personnel fall into one of three categories: (1) enlisted members, (2) warrant officers, and (3) commissioned officers. Warrant officers outrank all enlisted members, and commissioned officers outrank all warrant officers and enlisted members. Rank and pay grade are closely associated terms, but not quite the same. Pay grade is an administrative classification, associated with a member s pay. Rank is a title and denotes the member s level of authority and responsibility. An E-1 is the lowest enlisted pay grade. That person s rank is a Private in the Army and†¦show more content†¦military for the first time in 1817, when cadets at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., wore them on their sleeves. From West Point, chevrons spread to the Army and Marine Corps. The difference then was chevrons were worn points down until 1902, when Army and Marine Corps enlisted personnel switched to the present points up configuration.Navy and Coast Guard petty officers trace their insignia heritage to the British. Petty officers were assistants to the officers aboard ship. The title wasn t a permanent rank and the men served at the captain s pleasure. Petty officers lost their rank when the crew was paid off at the end of a voyage.In 1841, Navy petty officers received their first rank insignia -- an eagle perched on an anchor. Ratings -- job skills -- were incorporated into the insignia in 1866. In 1885, the Navy designated three classes of petty officers -- first, second and third. They added chevrons to designate the new ranks. The rank of chief petty officer was established in 1894.During World War II, the Army adopted technician grades. Technicians of a given grade earned the same pay and wore the same insignia as equivalent noncommissioned officers except for a small T centered under the chevrons. Technicians, despite the stripes, had no command authority over troops. This evolved into the specialist ranks, pay grades E-4 to E-7.Show MoreRelatedEssay The 7 Army Values and Malingering1450 Words   |  6 Pagessoldiers.† Duty, â€Å"Fulfill your obligations.† Respect, â€Å"Treat people as they should be treated.† Selfless Service, â€Å"Put the welfare of the nation, the Army and your subordinates above your own.† Honor, â€Å"Live up to the army values.† Integrity, â€Å"Do what’s right legally and morally.† and Personal Courage â€Å"Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral).† These seven Army values are taught to Soldiers in basic training and are reinforced through out a Soldier’s military career. They are expected toRead MoreRespecting Ncos in the United States Army1053 Words   |  5 PagesOfficers are the backbone of the United States Army. Respect for the non-commissioned officers is integral for any Army mission. Respect is an Army value and as such, should influence a soldier’s actions daily. Throughout this paper I will first define and describe respect in the United States Army, then outline the role of respect in a military environment, how respect empowers non-commissioned officers to lead soldiers and how showing respect to superiors and subordinates builds habits that willRead MoreNco Respect Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many reasons why lower enlisted soldiers should respect non-commissioned officers in the military. It is important to respect an non-commissioned officer in order to keep the balance in the wo rk place. Even if respect is not deserved or given back to you, the military still expects you to give them respect because they are appointed above you. Not showing them respect will result in getting yourself in trouble that will make yourself look bad to your other superiors. Punishments willRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Exposure By Wilfred Owen1218 Words   |  5 Pagesperson has is often shaped by their life experiences. The reader can see how war can change a soldier’s ideals as they experience it. In the poem Exposure, Wilfred Owen writes about the mental toll war takes on the human mind. He writes about how the soldier is â€Å"worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious, nervous but nothing happens†. This shows the soldier’s paranoia during the night. The soldier’s cannot rest even though it is quiet, because they are afraid of what they cannot hear. Their paranoiaRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Noncommissioned Officer ( Nco ) C orps1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe benefits being NCO Corps breaks up some of the responsibilities a commander has and disseminates them to trusted, and experienced individuals in a unit. Keeping good order and discipline, ensuring training is properly conducted, addressing soldier’s problems in an effective and timely manner is the core responsibilities of a NCO. NCOs are also responsible for establishing a line of communication from the top the chain of command, to the bottom, and enforcing the Army standards in accordanceRead MoreNon-commissioned Officer and Respect1023 Words   |  5 PagesRespect is one the 7 Army Values and probably one of the most important in today’s Army. Discipline also works alongside respect even though it is not one of the Army Value’s; it falls under Self-less Service. You can’t have respect without discipline because it creates a sense of unity among soldiers which under extreme circumstances the military cannot afford to have any causality because of one individual’s decision to disrespect one of leaders appointed over me direct orders. Self-lessRead MoreMilitary Discipline and Respect for Authority Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesMILITARY DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY Discipline is used in the civilian world as of coarse the military world. As a basic everyone is expected to address everyone by their proper tittles. In the Army, saluting is to show respect toward an officer, flag, or our country. When talking to an officer, stand at the position of attention unless given the order â€Å"at ease†. discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self control, character, and efficiency. Discipline is theRead MoreMilitary Bearing1023 Words   |  5 Pagesin how he carries himself. That detracts greatly from the perception of the individual as a whole. How the soldier dresses and keeps himself is also a major factor. A clean, sharp, properly worn uniform not only reflects on the soldier, but the soldier’s unit as well. A dirty uniform gives others the impression that the organization as a whole does not take standards and professionalism seriously, greatly affecting the impression from other persons. Beyond physical appearance, how the soldier conductsRead MoreThe Leadership Theory Of The National Guard1866 Words   |  8 Pagesmilitary are constant changes. Technology and policies constantly change in the military. The most recent change is same sex marriages are eligible for Tricare benefits. Transgender training has now been implemented into the ranks. As a leader, you must adapt and ensure the ranks understand and comply with these changes. â€Å"In more stable preindustrial times of the 19th century when our society was largely agrarian, early leadership scholars were in search of specific traits, or distinguishing qualitiesRead MoreMilitary Officer Is Defined As One Who Holds A Position And Command Of Their Subordinates936 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership and development, mentor, and direct at all levels of leadership within any organization. Since joining the US Army, I have been mentored by enlisted and officers. As ascending through the ranks, I soon became keen to the role of the military officer. I have always aspired to climb the ranks within the military, and it soon became evident that I had the potential to become more of a leader, mentor, and excel at advanced responsibilities and expanding my influence. I decided that I wanted

Importance of Relationships Depicted in the Great Gatsby...

Relationships In the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there is an importance of relationships. They can be between lovers, friends, and families. The novel shows these, but also the wrong types of relationships such as people having affairs. People form relationships so they are not alone and they try to stick together through the hard times and the good times. In every relationship there are differing situations that affect the outcome and success of the relationship. One major relationship in this novel is between Tom and Daisy. Even though they are married, they do not have the best relationship. Daisy was in love with Gatsby five years ago, but while he was away she met Tom and got married. She is shallow and†¦show more content†¦They are only hurting their spouses so this is not a good, healthy relationship. The relationship between Daisy and Gatsby is also an affair. Five years ago they were in love, but when Gatsby was shipped out to war Daisy did not wait for him. She married Tom while Gatsby sat around waiting for her to come back to him. He truly believed they were meant to be together so he never dated anyone else. Gatsby knows that Daisy only cares about money so he flaunts his newly made fortune in hopes of luring her in. He some how looks past the fact that she is using him for his money and gave her his heart. He is stuck in the past and he wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: ‘I never loved you (116). Daisy was tempted to leave her husband until she found out Gatsby made his fortune illegally. She killed Myrtle, let Gatsby take the blame which resulted in his death, and then she disappeared. This was not a true relationship because they were only trying to relive the past. When Nick tried to explain to him that he cannot repeat the past he exclaims, Cant repeat the past? Why of course you can!(116). Over time people change and though Gatsby tried to look past the fact that Daisy moved on, in the en d they were not together. One more relationship from the novel is between Nick and Jordan. This exemplified most relationshipsShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between The Great Gatsby Movie And Movie1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby: From the Page to Film Undeniably, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott Fitzgerald and its film adaptation, which follows the storyline of Nick Carraway during the 1920’s, were both great successes, with readers widely recognizing the book as an American classic, and the film making a worldwide gross of about $351 million dollars, while also winning two Oscars. Although the movie is a satisfactory adaptation there are still some minor and major differences between the two that standRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By Baz Luhrmann1290 Words   |  6 PagesLuhrmann’s 2013 highly anticipated rendition of the poignant love story The Great Gatsby, is awarded for his sumptuous sets, glamorous costumes and of course his venerable casting. However, does the intricate Baz Lurhman successfully convey the complex themes in Fitzgerald’s classic? Rachel Spackman scrutinizes and compares the latest films’ rendition of the novel. Baz Luhrmann’s extravagant production of the classic ‘The Great Gatsby’ is filled with lavish visual displays, gaudy costuming and esteemedRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald s Great Gatsby 822 Words   |  4 PagesDestine AP Lit Mrs. Hargis 9/27/15 MAJOR WORKS DATA SHEET Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald Date of Publication: 1925 Genre: Jazz Age novel (Louis Armstrong, Al Capone, etc.) Biographical Information about the Author F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and his parents were both born in Maryland and Irish. You could say he grew up very lower middle class. Fitzgerald’s views of relationships began at an early age. It was interesting because many ofRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby1366 Words   |  6 PagesDream and without that, life would be without pleasure and thus without meaning. The novel The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, provides a sight of the individuals living in the 1920s, where the characters chase the American dream under the influence of an affluent society. Fitzgerald displays the crumbling concept of the American Dream and demonstrates through the characters of Myrtle, Daisy, and Gatsby how the pursuit of the American Dream corrupts and destroys. The desire for a luxurious lifeRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And America s Tragedy1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby and America’s Tragedy The 1920’s resemble an epoch of the most significant economic prosperity that the Western world has ever seen. The Roaring Twenties, or the Jazz Age, was a period of immense change for all people after The Great War. Women could vote, cars and telephones were immensely popular, jazz music peaked, and airplanes became widely used, all things never before witnessed in world history. In the heat of this era, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby emerged, highlightingRead MoreCompare Sonnets From The Shakespeare And The Great Gatsby1424 Words   |  6 PagesPortuguese (SFP) and The Great Gatsby (TGG) composed by Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (FSF) explore the way love and spirituality have been altered by the composers over the seventy years between the texts. In EBB’S SFP published in 1850, hope, purpose and passion are accentuated. 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Moral Panic Sociology Free Essays

A moral panic is defined by Cohen as ‘a condition, episode, person or group or persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests ‘. In other words, a moral panic is an exaggerated reaction of fear towards a group or issue that causes panic in society, felt and reacted to by the public, media, police, and politicians etc. An example of a moral panic would be the increased fear over knife crime in Britain especially over the last few years. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Panic Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now A folk devil is the group/issue at the heart of the panic, which are condemned, feared, labelled and/or blamed. An example of a folk devil would be youths, in relation to knife crime, terrorist, or ‘mods and rockers ‘established in the 1960s. These moral panics and folk devils are created and exacerbated by ‘moral crusaders ‘, the media is most likely the biggest agency that does this. Media reports often greatly exaggerate certain and specific areas of crime or deviance that are aimed to be a moral panic, and to victimize certain groups as folk devils. It reports on, for example, the alleged rising number of knife related crimes, and how a high percentage of youths in a neighbourhood near you are carrying a knife, even if this is a fallacy.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration. This increase in media attention brings about a what is called a deviancy amplification spiral . This consists of a combination of contributing factors, the increased media attention brings about a heightened sense of public fear, resulting in a real increase in crime, either from the folk devils in question or from copycats, which in turn brings about a police reaction, creating a vicious circle of self-fulfilling prophecies, and the fear and media attention only increases the situation, this spiral also results in these panics lasting a lot longer than perhaps they should. The media uses the weapon of fear to stimulate moral panics, they give the view that firstly these deviant groups offer a threat to the norms, values and attitudes of the majority of society, and that a change will be brought about to people’s lives as these cannot be controlled. The media also gives credence to the view that moral standards are declining, and by exaggerating the crime paints the portrait of a country falling into a downward spiral. A conservative media article How to cite Moral Panic Sociology, Papers

Inequality in Access to Modern Contraception-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInequality in Access to Modern Contraception in Nigeria. Answer: Introduction Health Care Issues are prevailing every nations of the world. This study emphasizes on Inequality in access to modern contraception in Nigeria. The use of the modern conceptive medicines has been unequally divided in Nigeria. This has created several problems for women in the country. The uptake of the contraceptive pills have caused disastrous effect on fertility of women. This report discusses about the challenges faced in Nigeria related to inequality in modern contraceptive. The Ottawa Charter has been discussed in the report with its implementation of the action area in this case. Data has been collected from the World Health Organization reports. This report outlines about critical analysis of the implementation of action area of Ottawa Charter in this case. The barriers in addressing this area of concern has been discussed in the report. Tis report focuses on strategies to mitigate these barriers and involvement of stakeholders into this matter. Ottawa Charter The Ottawa Charter is an international agreement made by World Health Organization (WHO) for health promotion. Health Promotion is process that enables people for increasing control over and improving the health care services in various health care organization (World Health Organization, 2017). Health promotion focuses on achieving equity on health care. It depicts equality in achieving heath care services for individuals. Health Promotion strategy requires identification of obstacles for securing adoption of health care policies in non-health sectors. In this case, health promotion in Nigeria has been focused by implementing one of the action area of Ottawa Charter. According to the case study, creating supportive environment is the action area that can be used in this case. A supportive environment is required in maintaining the statistical data regarding this case. The condition in the Nigeria has been worse by inequality in use of modern contraceptive. According to the survey done by WHO in Nigeria, there has been reduction in fertility by one child per woman. This has caused 13% reduction in GDP of the country in 20 years. Studies revealed that 30% to 40% of maternal deaths and 90% of induced abortion has occurred due to inequality in use of contraceptive (Fry Zask, 2016). Contraceptive use have minimizes the fertility rate and increase in threat of abortion among women in Nigeria. Fertility decline in an area is demographic depended, consequent reduce in poverty, enhancing economic growth and contributing to families and societies. Therefore, by supportive environment, the mentality of the human beings can be changed. Equality in the use of contraceptive for women might enhance. This policy have helped in maintaining the fertility rate in Nigeria. The supportive environment for use of modern contraceptive by women helps in controlling the rate of abortion and increase the rate of fertility in Nigeria. The family planning has been key option for the couples in the country. Before 1980s, family-planning programs was not a priority in Nigeria (Mendes, Plaza Wallerstein, 2016). Later on, this program has gained attention with the implementation of various policies by the Nigerian government. The policies include Nigerias National Population policy 1988. This policy was revised in 2004. The policy focuses on enhancing the use of modern contraceptives for health goals. The target for policy was to increase the use of contraceptive up to 80% among women (Lee, 2015). The revised policy concludes for a reduction to 75% by 2015. The fertility rate has reduce by 0.6 children per woman every five years and there is a 2% annual increase in proportion of women using contraceptives. Nigeria developed a blueprint for accelerating uptake of f amily planning with a target of increasing the national contraceptive prevalence rate to 36% by 2018 (Davies et al. 2014). According to 2013 NHDS, awareness about contraceptives is more and uptake is low. Only 15% of married women are using contraceptive and 10% are using modern family planning techniques. The statistic variables might be relieved by natural and behavioral components, for example, fertility, sexual movement and want for kids. African social orders are genius natalist, trust that kids are blessing from God, and are social and financial ventures; this has negative suggestions on utilization of contraceptives (Stock, Milczarski Saboga-Nunes, 2016). Couples and women who want more kids are less inclined to utilize contraceptives. Studies have discovered that a reverse relationship exists between quantity of living youngsters and utilization of present day contraceptives (Chen et al. 2016). A solid relationship has been found between womens training, particularly finished essential training and passage into auxiliary level, and ripeness decrease. A few examinations have detailed that womens instruction has a solid positive effect on prophylactic utilize (Gagn, T., Lapalme, J., Leroux, 2017). In Nigeria, training has been found to increment prophylactic utilize. Free of socioeconomic factors, information of contraceptives is determinant of prophylactic utilize. Introduction towards mass communications affects family planning arranging through ideation, which has been found to add to watched fertility decline. Proof from various researches uncovers that introduction to broad communications messages advancing family arranging may influence preventative conduct. In Nigeria, utilization of present day contraceptives, the expectation to utilize them, want for less youngsters were observed to be related with introduction to media message about family arranging. Planning Several steps are required during planning a project. In this, case the use of modern contraceptive among women has been described. The steps that are involved in the planning has been mentioned below: Understanding the timeline, resources, budget and contracts needed to implement the interventions Identification of stakeholders and ensuring appropriate participation and partnership Priorities interventions Phase in programs implementation. For completing a project plan: Prioritize interventions by ability for providing possible gain given the cost and available resources Preparing a budget Constructing a project implementation plan Arranging contracts for delivery of services and agreements on collaborative action Establishing a monitoring system. Challenges There are various challenges in implementation of equality in the use of modern contraceptive. These challenges are described below: Lack in Awareness There is a lack in the Nigerian people regarding the use of the contraceptive for women. The education system of the country is bad that have caused low literacy rate in the country. Therefore, there is an inequality in using the modern contraceptive among women. Due to inequality, the fertility rate of the country has been continuously decreasing by years (Eckermann, 2017). The consequences of the abnormal use of contraceptive in the society has been worse among the women. The health of women has been continuously degrading. Therefore, there is requirement of awareness among the people of Nigeria. Lack in policy The policy against these misconduct activities in the country has not been yet implemented properly. This have caused imbalance in the reproduction rate of the country. The improper use of contraceptive have caused different problems (Sarmiento Sarmiento, 2017). The government of Nigeria has not concerned about this problem. There is no strict policy made by the government against the inequality in the use of the modern contraceptive. Demographic In Nigeria, most of the married women plan their pregnancies without the use of the modern contraceptive. They stop child bearing without using the modern contraceptive. This has affected the reproduction rate in the country. Many women are having their child before 18 years of age, which is detrimental for both girl and child (Kickbusch Nutbeam, 2017). This causes high risk in the life of the girl. The use of the modern contraceptive can help them in this situation. However, they are not using the modern contraceptive. The Ottawa Charter has been an important part of the history in the field of health promotion among people. The ideas associated with the application of the Ottawa Charter has been properly magnified in the first part. The post colonialism gives a framework that depicts destabilized dominant Western discourse. The feature of post-colonial theory is to examine of the effect and legacy of the European colonization. It helps in recognizing the colonial assumption and consequences having inequality in the health promotion. It draws attention towards the Western culture and colonial activities in the society (Furber et al., 2017). The Ottawa Charter have helped in implementing equality among the colonial. The Postcolonial standpoint has been critical for considering different way by which particular colonial vision of the global health has been mobilized. In the case of Nigeria, the inequality in the use of modern contraceptive has been depicted in the paper. The implementation of the Ott awa Charter have helped in mitigating these problems in the country. As argued by (Dyment et al., 2017), in the wider context of Ottawa Charter has its own production that puts in practice with the help of generalized principle. The critical examination of the context of the Nigerian people regarding the use of the conceptive has been performed for implementing the Ottawa Charter. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter has been decided including creating supportive environment (McFarlane et al., 2017). A supportive environment helps in maintaining proper use of the modern contraceptive among women in Nigeria. Proper knowledge and awareness regarding the use of the contraceptive is required among the people pf Nigeria. This might help in understanding them about the use of the modern contraceptive. However, it is difficult not to see colonial imagination at work in a charter that is concerned with the Nigerian context. Various range of strategies are discovered for the implementation of the Ottawa Charter for maintaining balance in the use of the modern contraceptive in Nigeria. The health promotion have become a channelized process in the industry that is required by every organization. The use of the modern contraceptive have helped in maintaining the birth rate of child (Alami et al., 2017). The implementation of the Ottawa Charter in the Nigerian area have helped in maintaining the reproduction rate of the child. The mortality rate of the country has been balanced. The health promotion campaign under the Ottawa Charter have helped in providing awareness about the modern contraceptives among people in society. Emotions and social identity affects the colonial activities in the country. People are socially and emotionally attached to their loved one and require proper health care. The health promotion have been properly managed in the country for helping women from miscarriage. As commented by Eckermann, (2017), the use of the modern contraceptive have helped in providing proper solution for the problems faced by women in Nigeria. The use of the modern contraceptive have provided various approaches for the women in their marriage life in Nigeria. The women in the society are benefited from the action area implemented by the Ottawa Charter. The positive normalization of the health promotion in the western countries have able to position this action area for intervention of everyday behavior of people. The Ottawa Charter masked power imbalances and Western-centric worldviews, while also silencing non-Western voices. Conclusion It can be concluded that the Ottawa Charter have helped in maintaining the equality of use of modern contraceptive among women. The research has focused on inequality in use of modern contraceptive in the Nigeria. The Ottawa charter has been briefly described in the report. The factors implementing in the Ottawa Charter has been properly discussed in the chapter. A critical analysis has been provided at the end of the report that help in proper understanding about the implementation of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion in Nigeria. References Alami, H., Gagnon, M. P., Ghandour, E. K., Fortin, J. P. (2017). Reorientation of health services and health promotion: a review of the situation.Sant Publique,29(2), 179-184. Chen, T. H., Huang, J. J., Chang, F. C., Chang, Y. T., Chuang, H. Y. (2016). Effect of workplace counseling interventions launched by workplace health promotion and tobacco control centers in Taiwan: An evaluation based on the Ottawa charter.PloS one,11(3), e0150710. Davies, S. C., Winpenny, E., Ball, S., Fowler, T., Rubin, J., Nolte, E. (2014). For debate: a new wave in public health improvement.The Lancet,384(9957), 1889-1895. Dyment, J., Emery, S., Doherty, T., Eckhardt, M. (2017). Move Well Eat Well: Case study of a successful settings-based approach to health promotion.Health and Wellbeing in Childhood, 283. Eckermann, E. (2017). Global health promotion in the era of galloping populism.Health Promotion International,32(3), 415-418. Fry, D., Zask, A. (2016). Applying the Ottawa Charter to inform health promotion programme design.Health promotion international, daw022. Furber, C., Pusey, H., Busby, A., Stringer, E. (2017). Integrating public health practice into the graduate's role through pre-registration education.British Journal of Midwifery,25(5). Gagn, T., Lapalme, J. (2017). 1986: Ottawa and onwards.The Lancet Public Health,2(2), e71. Gagn, T., Lapalme, J., Leroux, J. (2017). Letter to the Editor The implications of the professionalization of health promotion in Canada: a response to JR Grahams letter to the editor.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada: research, policy and practice,37(5), 172. Kickbusch, I., Nutbeam, D. (2017). A watershed for health promotionThe Shanghai Conference 2016.Health Promotion International,32(1), 2-6. Lee, M. S. (2015). The principles and values of health promotion: building upon the Ottawa charter and related WHO documents.Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion,32(4), 1-11. McFarlane, K., Devine, S., Judd, J., Nichols, N., Watt, K. (2017). Workforce insights on how health promotion is practised in an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service.Australian Journal of Primary Health. Mendes, R., Plaza, V., Wallerstein, N. (2016). Sustainability and power in health promotion: community-based participatory research in a reproductive health policy case study in New Mexico.Global health promotion,23(1), 61-74. Sarmiento, J. P., Sarmiento, J. P. (2017). Healthy universities: mapping health-promotion interventions.Health Education,117(2), 162-175. Stock, C., Milczarski, A., Saboga-Nunes, L. A. (2016). Is the Ottawa Charter still relevant? A survey among health promotion practitioners and researchers: Christiane Stock.The European Journal of Public Health,26(suppl_1), ckw168-017. World Health Organization. (2016). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. 2013.